In line with above I thought this of interest--to Edward anyway
The Sad Evolution of Sexual Harassment
Wednesday, October 27, 2004
By Wendy McElroy
A $60 million lawsuit filed against FOX News and Bill O'Reilly guarantees that the topic of sexual harassment will be batted around by the media.
The complaint hinges on allegations that O' Reilly engaged in "phone sex" with a former associate producer, Andrea Mackris. Of the many awkward questions raised by the accusations, one looms large: How could anyone demand $60 million for conversations on which they could have hung up?
The astronomically high sum demanded, in and of itself, suggests that the issue of sexual harassment is out of control. The issue has evolved dramatically in the last three decades and now seems to blatantly favor and perhaps encourage accusations.
Sexual harassment laws and policies originated in society's sense of fair play. The term entered social debate through Lin Farley's book, "Sexual Shakedown: The Sexual Harassment of Women on the Job," published in 1978. Farley chronicled wrenching stories of sex discrimination that literally destroyed women's careers. It was impossible to leave the book without feeling that something in society was badly wrong; something needed to be changed.
The question was how.
Businesses are notoriously vulnerable to campaigns of bad publicity, especially concerning the sexual abuse of women. Yet gender feminists immediately and single-mindedly pushed for government agencies to impose de facto law in the workplace through the use of court precedents and established agencies.
The 1979 book "Sexual Harassment of Working Women" by feminist Catharine MacKinnon defined sexual harassment as the legal issue it is today. Namely, as a form of discrimination on the same level as racism, for which legal sanctions already existed.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 already prohibited an employer from discriminating on the basis of "race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." It was merely a practical matter of extending that prohibition to cover women.
Initially, sexual harassment suits revolved around quid pro quo situations: for example, sleep with me or you are fired. In 1986, however, Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson legally established the idea of a "hostile environment."
A hostile work environment exists when co-workers or employers engage in unwanted sexual behavior, including comments, which seriously impair an employee's job performance and comfort. This legal concept increased an employer's liability and diminished a complainant's burden of proof. Suits that would have been tossed out of court prior to Meritor now had legal merit.
In 1991, the ground again shifted to favor complainants through three events: Anita Hill's accusations against Clarence Thomas, who was then being considered for the Supreme Court, and the court cases Ellison v. Brady and Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards.
The much-televised Hill accusations introduced the issue of sexual harassment into America's living rooms. The National Association of Working Women, which had been receiving about 200 calls a week concerning harassment, began receiving 200 calls a day.
Ellison v. Brady (search) introduced the "reasonable woman" standard into law. Conduct was no longer analyzed from the perspective of a "reasonable person" but of a "reasonable woman." In practical terms, this meant cases would be analyzed from the perspective of the complainant and not the defendant.
Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyard (search) established that nude pin-ups in a locker ? apart from any other consideration ? constituted sexual harassment, even if the complainant was not targeted. This is the juncture at which jokes spoken at a water cooler became the province of courts.
Thus, as Prof. Ellen Frankel Paul of Bowling Green State University states in her essay "Bared Buttocks and Federal Cases," sexual harassment shifted from the "objectively injurious" to the "merely subjectively offensive."
As that shift occurred, court awards to "victims" rose astronomically.
Barnes v. Train (search) (1974) is commonly viewed as the first sexual harassment case in America, even though the term was not used and the first court dismissed the case. Barnes, an employee of the Equal Opportunities Division of the Environmental Protection Agency, claimed that her job was eliminated because she refused to have sex with her employer. Barnes ultimately received $18,000 for back pay and lost promotions even though her abuse was grievous by almost anyone's standard.
Today, Mackris is asking for $60 million, though there have been no allegations of a threat of violence or physical contact. A comparison of the two figures ? $18,000 and $60 million ? is an indication of how far the issue has drifted from its roots.
Happily, a backlash appears to be under way. For example, in June, the Supreme Court rendered a decision on Pennsylvania State Police v. Suders. The Court ruled: It is a valid defense for employers to demonstrate that a complainant failed to use whatever reasonable system existed for the reporting of sexual harassment.
The ruling is a step toward sanity. Another step would be for government to cease regulating speech in the workplace. As long as conversation (with the exception of threats) continues to be a matter for the court, then abuse is inevitable. The politically correct approach to sexual harassment means that those who claim victimhood are almost automatically believed.
This presumption offers lopsided power to those who even hint at an accusation.
Sexual harassment must be rolled back for the same reason it arose as an issue: fairness.
Wendy McElroy is the editor of ifeminists.com and a research fellow for The Independent Institute in Oakland, Calif. She is the author and editor of many books and articles, including the new book, "Liberty for Women: Freedom and Feminism in the 21st Century" (Ivan R. Dee/Independent Institute, 2002). She lives with her husband in Canada.
