A NEW book reveals 1.98m China basketball sensation Yao Ming was far from being a chance creation.
It claims he was knowingly bred for the sport, forced into it against his will and subjected to years of dubious science to increase his height.
The Houston Rockets centre also underwent years of punishing training as one of hundreds of thousands of potential China athletes who endure miserable childhoods in boot-camp conditions.
The revelations in Operation Yao Ming, by former Newsweek journalist Brook Larmer, are likely to raise further disquiet over China's Soviet-style sports system ahead of the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
Larmer said Yao, China's first successful basketball export and its most famous face worldwide, was the product of a harsh and antiquated program which has changed little since it was set up more than 50 years ago under Mao Zedong.
"Yao on one hand is this great symbol of China's modern advancement, a commercial icon that can stride across the Pacific and play the role of a bridge between east and west," he said.
"But he's still the product of this system which is one of the last bastions of socialism in China."
Larmer says Yao's birth had been anticipated for decades by communist officials ? desperate to boost national pride through sports ? who had been tracking his family for two generations.
He describes a system where doctors, armed with special growth-predicting manuals, measure youngsters' bones and pubic hair to identify future athletes. Weightlifters must be squat with strong torsos; divers need tiny hips to minimise splash; basketball players must simply be tall.
"It's no accident that there have been generations of players who have continued to get taller," he said. "One of the first NBA scouts was blown away when he went to northern China and saw more than 20 seven-footers."
Yao's grandfather, one of Shanghai's tallest men, was discovered too late for basketball but his son, the 2>05m Yao Zhiyuan, soon found himself dragged into the sports system.
There he was paired off with the 1.85m Fang Fengdi, China's women's captain who had been a feared Red Guard during the murderous Cultural Revolution.
The two were encouraged to marry in a system with undertones of eugenics, the controversial gene-pool manipulation espoused by the Nazis and previously trumpeted by Beijing.
"It wasn't a national breeding program, it was a desire among Shanghai officials for them to get together," said Larmer.
"But when Yao was born everybody in the sports community in Shanghai and nationally knew he was something special."
The giant infant, who was just eight years-old when he reached the average Chinese male's height of 1.67m, was recruited for basketball despite his parents' objections and his own hatred for the sport.
"Even when his parents resisted at first to put him in the same system that had caused them some suffering and bitterness, there was not a lot of choice," said Larmer said.
"He hated the game for a decade. He didn't like it, he wasn't any good at it."
The eight-year-old Yao embarked on a program of intense, repetitive training under disciplinarian coaches who offered little encouragement or variety.
Meanwhile, scientists fed him a steady stream of mysterious concoctions designed to make him taller, raising the spectre of possible hormone treatment at a time when China was suffering a series of doping scandals.
"In Yao's case I don't have any proof ... (but) in that period of time in the 1990s they were using all kids of experimental stuff to enhance players' stamina and strength," Larmer said.
"One would think that as China can flex its muscle economically, militarily, diplomatically, that it wouldn't need sports as a crutch. But sport is such a visible, exciting measure for China's position in the world, and national feeling is so strong, I don't think that's going to be easy to give up," he said.
"Gold medals have become an addiction. How do you kick the habit when you've reached the top?"
The book also describes the complex negotiations between China authorities and American sports impresarios who, desperate to showcase the NBA in the world's most populous nation, prized Yao away from the Shanghai Sharks in 2002.
It contrasts Yao's case with that of Wang Zhizhi, another member of China's famous "Great Wall" who also moved to the NBA but was denounced by Beijing after refusing to return home the same year
It claims he was knowingly bred for the sport, forced into it against his will and subjected to years of dubious science to increase his height.
The Houston Rockets centre also underwent years of punishing training as one of hundreds of thousands of potential China athletes who endure miserable childhoods in boot-camp conditions.
The revelations in Operation Yao Ming, by former Newsweek journalist Brook Larmer, are likely to raise further disquiet over China's Soviet-style sports system ahead of the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
Larmer said Yao, China's first successful basketball export and its most famous face worldwide, was the product of a harsh and antiquated program which has changed little since it was set up more than 50 years ago under Mao Zedong.
"Yao on one hand is this great symbol of China's modern advancement, a commercial icon that can stride across the Pacific and play the role of a bridge between east and west," he said.
"But he's still the product of this system which is one of the last bastions of socialism in China."
Larmer says Yao's birth had been anticipated for decades by communist officials ? desperate to boost national pride through sports ? who had been tracking his family for two generations.
He describes a system where doctors, armed with special growth-predicting manuals, measure youngsters' bones and pubic hair to identify future athletes. Weightlifters must be squat with strong torsos; divers need tiny hips to minimise splash; basketball players must simply be tall.
"It's no accident that there have been generations of players who have continued to get taller," he said. "One of the first NBA scouts was blown away when he went to northern China and saw more than 20 seven-footers."
Yao's grandfather, one of Shanghai's tallest men, was discovered too late for basketball but his son, the 2>05m Yao Zhiyuan, soon found himself dragged into the sports system.
There he was paired off with the 1.85m Fang Fengdi, China's women's captain who had been a feared Red Guard during the murderous Cultural Revolution.
The two were encouraged to marry in a system with undertones of eugenics, the controversial gene-pool manipulation espoused by the Nazis and previously trumpeted by Beijing.
"It wasn't a national breeding program, it was a desire among Shanghai officials for them to get together," said Larmer.
"But when Yao was born everybody in the sports community in Shanghai and nationally knew he was something special."
The giant infant, who was just eight years-old when he reached the average Chinese male's height of 1.67m, was recruited for basketball despite his parents' objections and his own hatred for the sport.
"Even when his parents resisted at first to put him in the same system that had caused them some suffering and bitterness, there was not a lot of choice," said Larmer said.
"He hated the game for a decade. He didn't like it, he wasn't any good at it."
The eight-year-old Yao embarked on a program of intense, repetitive training under disciplinarian coaches who offered little encouragement or variety.
Meanwhile, scientists fed him a steady stream of mysterious concoctions designed to make him taller, raising the spectre of possible hormone treatment at a time when China was suffering a series of doping scandals.
"In Yao's case I don't have any proof ... (but) in that period of time in the 1990s they were using all kids of experimental stuff to enhance players' stamina and strength," Larmer said.
"One would think that as China can flex its muscle economically, militarily, diplomatically, that it wouldn't need sports as a crutch. But sport is such a visible, exciting measure for China's position in the world, and national feeling is so strong, I don't think that's going to be easy to give up," he said.
"Gold medals have become an addiction. How do you kick the habit when you've reached the top?"
The book also describes the complex negotiations between China authorities and American sports impresarios who, desperate to showcase the NBA in the world's most populous nation, prized Yao away from the Shanghai Sharks in 2002.
It contrasts Yao's case with that of Wang Zhizhi, another member of China's famous "Great Wall" who also moved to the NBA but was denounced by Beijing after refusing to return home the same year
