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This article discusses the phrase "Jesus H. Christ". For information about the historic and religious figure, visit Jesus.
Jesus H. Christ is an example of slang serving as a mild, joking curse. The expression is most commonly used in a wry, sarcastic, cynical, or joking tone, although it may nonetheless be perceived as blasphemy, being a variation of "Jesus Christ". The expression jokingly implies that the "Christ" in "Jesus Christ" is a surname rather than a title ("Christ", meaning anointed, is Greek for "Messiah"). The expression dates to at least the late nineteenth century (although according to Mark Twain it was already old in 1850), and likely originates with the ancient Christian three-letter symbolism IHS (the Christogram).
The phrase "Jesus H. Christ" has been extended in many cases, both as a colloquialism, and in its use in television and film. For example, in the comedy The Blues Brothers, a 1980 film starring John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd, Jake Blues (Belushi) exclaims, "Yes! Yes! Jesus H. Tapdancing Christ, I can see The Light!" in a moment of fervor.
Etymology
Using the name of "Jesus Christ" as an oath has been common for centuries, but the precise origins of the letter H in the expression Jesus H. Christ are obscure. Whilst many explanations have been proposed, some serious and many humourous, the most widely accepted derivation is from the divine monogram of Christian symbolism, IHC or IHS. One factor in the transmutation of the monogram into the expression Jesus H. Christ may be that when the first syllable of the phrase "Jesus Christ" is strongly emphasised (as some speakers of some English accents may do when cursing), the rhythm suggests a missing middle syllable between "Jesus" and "Christ". The H may have been adopted from the monogram to fill this gap.
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Christogram
The IHS or JHS Christogram
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The IHS or JHS Christogram
The Christogram symbol is derived from the first three letters of the Greek name of Jesus, iota-eta-sigma-omicron-upsilon-sigma or ΙΗΣΟΥΣ. Here the Greek letter eta was interpreted as the letter H in the Latin-speaking West (Greek eta and Latin-alphabet H had the same visual appearance and shared a common historical origin), while the Greek letter sigma was either interpreted as the Latin letter C (due to the visually-similar form of lunate sigma common in medieval Greek), or was interpreted as Latin S (since these letters of the two alphabets wrote the same sound). Because the Latin alphabet letters I and J were not systematically distinguished until the 17th-century, JHC and JHS are completely equivalent to IHC and IHS.
Since IHS already long ago gave rise to the pseudo-explanation Iesus Hominum Salvator (Latin for "Jesus savior of men"), it is plausible that JHC gave rise to "Jesus H. Christ".
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Speculations
There is a range of speculation on the origin of the expression, often as folk etymologies or in jest. Among the more common are:
* that the H stands for "Harold" or "Howard", as in "Our Father, who art in Heaven, HAROLD be thy name" (instead of "...hallowed be thy name"). Similarly in England, a common joke is that the H is for Henry - the letters INRI, seen on crosses and some graves, are a rough approximation of the Cockney "Henry".